Food and Ingredients
Food is one of the most common topics in Japanese conversation. This lesson covers everyday food staples, common Japanese dishes, and the essential pantry ingredients behind Japanese cooking.
Staplesโ
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใฏใ | ใ้ฃฏ | gohan | ๐ cooked rice, meal | noun |
| ใใ | ็ฑณ | kome | ๐พ uncooked rice | noun |
| ใใณ | - | pan | ๐ bread | noun |
| ใใ | ้บบ | men | ๐ noodles | noun |
| ใใฉใ | ้ฅ้ฃฉ | udon | ๐ udon noodles | noun |
| ใใฐ | ่้บฆ | soba | ๐ soba (buckwheat noodles) | noun |
| ใฉใผใกใณ | - | raamen | ๐ ramen | noun |
| ใใใ | ใ็ฒฅ | okayu | ๐ rice porridge, congee | noun |
Proteinsโ
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใซใ | ่ | niku | ๐ฅฉ meat | noun |
| ใใ ใใซใ | ็่ | gyuuniku | ๐ฅฉ beef | noun |
| ใถใใซใ | ่ฑ่ | butaniku | ๐ท pork | noun |
| ใจใใซใ | ้ถ่ | toriniku | ๐ chicken | noun |
| ใใใช | ้ญ | sakana | ๐ fish | noun |
| ใใณ | ๆตท่ | ebi | ๐ค shrimp, prawn | noun |
| ใใ | ็่ณ | ika | ๐ฆ squid | noun |
| ใใ | ่ธ | tako | ๐ octopus | noun |
| ใใพใ | ๅต | tamago | ๐ฅ egg | noun |
| ใจใใต | ่ฑ่ | toufu | ๐ซ tofu | noun |
Examples:
- ใใ
ใใซใใจ ใใใใ ใใใใพใใ โ I stir-fry the beef and vegetables.
- gyuuniku to yasai o itamemasu.
- ใใใชใ ใใใพใใใใ โ Let's grill the fish.
- sakana o yakimashou.
Vegetablesโ
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใ | ้่ | yasai | ๐ฅฆ vegetables | noun |
| ใใพใญใ | ็ใญใ | tamanegi | ๐ง onion | noun |
| ใซใใใ | ไบบๅ | ninjin | ๐ฅ carrot | noun |
| ใใใใใ | ใใใ่ | jagaimo | ๐ฅ potato | noun |
| ใใ ใใ | ่ก็ | kyuuri | ๐ฅ cucumber | noun |
| ใใใ | - | tomato | ๐ tomato | noun |
| ใชใ | ่ๅญ | nasu | ๐ eggplant, aubergine | noun |
| ใญใฃใใ | - | kyabetsu | ๐ฅฌ cabbage | noun |
| ใปใใใใใ | ใปใใใ่ | hoorensou | ๐ฟ spinach | noun |
| ใญใ | ่ฑ | negi | ๐ฑ green onion, leek | noun |
| ใซใใซใ | ๅคง่ | ninniku | ๐ง garlic | noun |
| ใใใใ | ็ๅง | shouga | ๐ซ ginger | noun |
| ใใใฎใ | ็ซนใฎๅญ | takenoko | ๐ bamboo shoot | noun |
| ใใใ | ่ใใ | moyashi | ๐ฑ bean sprouts | noun |
Examples:
- ใญใใ ใใพใใ ใใใพใใ โ I chop the green onion finely.
- negi o komakaku kirimasu.
- ใซใใซใใ ใใใใใจ ใใใซใใใ ใใพใใ โ When you fry garlic, it smells good.
- ninniku o itameru to ii nioi ga shimasu.
Fruitsโ
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใ ใใฎ | ๆ็ฉ | kudamono | ๐ fruit | noun |
| ใใใ | ๆๆช | ringo | ๐ apple | noun |
| ใใใ | - | banana | ๐ banana | noun |
| ใฟใใ | ่ๆ | mikan | ๐ mandarin orange | noun |
| ใใกใ | ่บ | ichigo | ๐ strawberry | noun |
| ใถใฉใ | ่ก่ | budou | ๐ grape | noun |
| ใใ | ๆก | momo | ๐ peach | noun |
| ใชใ | ๆขจ | nashi | ๐ Japanese pear | noun |
| ในใคใซ | ่ฅฟ็ | suika | ๐ watermelon | noun |
Popular Japanese Dishesโ
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใ | ๅฏฟๅธ | sushi | ๐ฃ sushi | noun |
| ใใใฟ | ๅบ่บซ | sashimi | ๐ sashimi (raw fish) | noun |
| ใฆใใทใ | ๅคฉใทใ | tenpura | ๐ค tempura (battered, deep-fried) | noun |
| ใฟใใใ | ๅณๅๆฑ | misoshiru | ๐ miso soup | noun |
| ใใซใใ | ใๆกใ | onigiri | ๐ rice ball | noun |
| ใใใจใ | ็ผใ้ณฅ | yakitori | ๐ข grilled chicken skewers | noun |
| ใฉใใถใ | ไธผ | donburi | ๐ rice bowl dish | noun |
| ใซใฌใผใฉใคใน | - | karee raisu | ๐ curry rice | noun |
| ใใใใฐ | ็ผใใใฐ | yakisoba | ๐ fried noodles | noun |
| ใใใฎใฟใใ | ใๅฅฝใฟ็ผใ | okonomiyaki | ๐ฅ savory pancake | noun |
| ใใใใ | ใใ็ผใ | takoyaki | ๐ octopus balls | noun |
| ใกใใใใใ | ่ถ็ข่ธใ | chawanmushi | ๐ฅ savory egg custard | noun |
| ใใงใ | - | oden | ๐ข oden (hot pot stew) | noun |
| ใใใใ | ใใ็ผใ | sukiyaki | ๐ฅฉ sukiyaki (beef hot pot) | noun |
Examples:
- ใใใ ใในใซ ใใใพใใใ๏ผ โ Let's go eat sushi!
- sushi o tabe ni ikimashou!
- ใใซใใใ ใณใณใใใง ใใใพใใใ โ I bought a rice ball at the convenience store.
- onigiri o konbini de kaimashita.
- ใฟใใใใฏ ใพใใซใก ใฎใฟใพใใ โ I drink miso soup every day.
- misoshiru wa mainichi nomimasu.
Japanese Pantry Ingredientsโ
These are the building blocks of Japanese cooking. Stock these and you can make almost any Japanese dish.
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใใ | ้คๆฒน | shouyu | ๐ถ soy sauce | noun |
| ใฟใ | ๅณๅ | miso | ๐ซ miso paste | noun |
| ใ ใ | ๅบๆฑ | dashi | ๐ต Japanese stock | noun |
| ใฟใใ | ๅณ้ | mirin | ๐ถ sweet rice wine (cooking) | noun |
| ใใใใใใ | ๆ็้ | ryouri sake | ๐ถ cooking sake | noun |
| ใใพ | ่ก้บป | goma | ๐ฐ sesame seeds | noun |
| ใใพใใถใ | ่ก้บปๆฒน | goma abura | ๐ซ sesame oil | noun |
| ใฎใ | ๆตท่ | nori | ๐ฟ dried seaweed sheet | noun |
| ใใใ | ่ฅๅธ | wakame | ๐ฟ wakame seaweed | noun |
| ใใใถ | ๆๅธ | konbu | ๐ฟ kombu (kelp, for stock) | noun |
| ใใคใใถใ | ้ฐน็ฏ | katsuobushi | ๐ bonito flakes | noun |
| ใใถใใใ | ๆฒนๆใ | aburaage | ๐ซ thin fried tofu | noun |
| ใใใซใใ | ่่ป | konnyaku | ๐ซ konjac jelly | noun |
| ใใใใใ | ็ๆ ็ฒ | katakuriko | ๐ฅ potato starch | noun |
| ใ ใใฎใใจ | ๅบๆฑใฎ็ด | dashi no moto | ๐ต instant dashi powder | noun |
How to make ใ ใ (Dashi)
ใ ใ is the foundation of Japanese cooking. The simplest version:
- ใใใถใ ใฟใใซ ใฒใใ โ Soak kombu in cold water
- ใใฃใใ ใใใใใ โ Heat slowly
- ใใใ ใพใใซ ใใใถใ ใจใใ ใ โ Remove kombu before it boils
- ใใคใใถใใ ใใใ โ Add bonito flakes
- ใใ โ Strain
The result is a light, umami-rich stock used in soups, sauces, and simmered dishes.
Soy sauce types
Not all ใใใใ is the same:
- ใใใใกใใใใ (ๆฟๅฃ้คๆฒน) โ dark soy sauce, the standard
- ใใใใกใใใใ (่ๅฃ้คๆฒน) โ light-colored soy sauce, saltier, used in Kansai cuisine
- ใใพใใใใใ (ใใพใ้คๆฒน) โ thick, rich, good for sashimi
Eating Out Vocabularyโ
| Hiragana | Kanji | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใกใใฅใผ | - | menyuu | ๐ menu | noun |
| ใกใ ใใใ | ๆณจๆ | chuumon | ๐๏ธ order | noun |
| ใใใใ | ใๅงใ | osusume | โญ recommendation | noun |
| ใฆใใใใ | ๅฎ้ฃ | teishoku | ๐ฑ set meal | noun |
| ใใใใ | ใไปฃใใ | okawari | ๐ refill, second helping | noun |
| ใใใใใใ | ใๅๅฎ | okanjou | ๐งพ the bill | noun |
| ใใกใใใ | ๆใกๅธฐใ | mochikaeri | ๐ฅก takeaway, to go | noun |
Common phrases at a restaurant:
- ใใฟใพใใใใกใ
ใใใใ ใใญใใใใพใใ โ Excuse me, I'd like to order.
- sumimasen, chuumon o onegai shimasu.
- ใใใใใฏ ใชใใงใใ๏ผ โ What do you recommend?
- osusume wa nan desu ka?
- ใใใใใ ใใ ใใใ โ Please give me a refill.
- okawari o kudasai.
- ใใใใใใใ ใใญใใใใพใใ โ The bill, please.
- okanjou o onegai shimasu.
Next Steps
Once you're comfortable with this lesson, check out: