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Counters and Frequency

Learn how to express frequency and repetition using Japanese counters.

What Are Counters?โ€‹

Japanese uses specific counter words to count different types of objects and express frequency. This lesson focuses on time-based counters for expressing "how often" something happens.

Frequency Countersโ€‹

Pattern: [time period] ใซ [number] + ใ‹ใ„โ€‹

Structure: [time period] ใซ [counter] ใ‹ใ„

  • ใซ = in/per
  • ใ‹ใ„ (ๅ›ž) = times, occurrences

Counting Occurrencesโ€‹

NumberKanjiHiraganaRomajiEnglish
1ไธ€ๅ›žใ„ใฃใ‹ใ„ikkaionce
2ไบŒๅ›žใซใ‹ใ„nikaitwice
3ไธ‰ๅ›žใ•ใ‚“ใ‹ใ„sankaithree times
4ๅ››ๅ›žใ‚ˆใ‚“ใ‹ใ„yonkaifour times
5ไบ”ๅ›žใ”ใ‹ใ„gokaifive times
6ๅ…ญๅ›žใ‚ใฃใ‹ใ„rokkaisix times
7ไธƒๅ›žใชใชใ‹ใ„nanakaiseven times
8ๅ…ซๅ›žใฏใฃใ‹ใ„hakkaieight times
9ไนๅ›žใใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ„kyuukainine times
10ๅๅ›žใ˜ใ‚…ใฃใ‹ใ„jukkaiten times
Sound Changes
  • 1ๅ›ž: ใ„ใฃใ‹ใ„ (ikkai) - small ใฃ
  • 6ๅ›ž: ใ‚ใฃใ‹ใ„ (rokkai) - small ใฃ
  • 8ๅ›ž: ใฏใฃใ‹ใ„ (hakkai) - small ใฃ
  • 10ๅ›ž: ใ˜ใ‚…ใฃใ‹ใ„ (jukkai) - small ใฃ

How Many Times? ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใ„โ€‹

Use ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใ„ (ไฝ•ๅ›ž) to ask "how many times?":

  • ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ ใซ ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใ„๏ผŸ โ€” How many times per week?
    • shuukan ni nankai?
  • ใญใ‚“ ใซ ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใ„ ใ„ใใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸ โ€” How many times a year do you go?
    • nen ni nankai ikimasu ka?

Examplesโ€‹

  • ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ ใซ ใ„ใฃใ‹ใ„ ใˆใ„ใŒ ใ‚’ ใฟใพใ™ โ€” I watch a movie once a week.
    • shuukan ni ikkai eiga wo mimasu
  • ใซใก ใซ ใ•ใ‚“ใ‹ใ„ ใฏ ใ‚’ ใฟใŒใใพใ™ โ€” I brush my teeth three times a day.
    • nichi ni sankai ha wo migakimasu
  • ใญใ‚“ ใซ ใ„ใฃใ‹ใ„ ใซใปใ‚“ ใซ ใ„ใใพใ™ โ€” I go to Japan once a year.
    • nen ni ikkai nihon ni ikimasu
  • ใคใ ใซ ใ„ใฃใ‹ใ„ ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ‚“ ใซ ใงใ‚“ใ‚ ใ—ใพใ™ โ€” I call my parents once a month.
    • tsuki ni ikkai ryoushin ni denwa shimasu

Date Countersโ€‹

How Many?โ€‹

Replace the number with ใชใ‚“ to ask "how many":

  • ใชใ‚“ใซใก๏ผŸ โ€” How many days?
    • nannichi?

You can also use ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ to ask "how long?" in a more natural way:

  • ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ ใซใปใ‚“ ใซ ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ ใ‹๏ผŸ โ€” How long were you in Japan?
    • dono gurai nihon ni imashita ka?
    • ใ•ใ‚“ใ‹ใ’ใค ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ โ€” I was there for three months.
      • sankagetsu imashita

ใ”ใ‚ vs ใใ‚‰ใ„โ€‹

Both express approximation but are used differently:

ใ”ใ‚ใใ‚‰ใ„
Used forpoint in timequantity or duration
Meaningaround (when)about (how much/long)
Exampleใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ ใ”ใ‚ โ€” around 3 o'clockใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ ใใ‚‰ใ„ โ€” about 3 hours
  • ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ ใ”ใ‚ ใซ ใใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„ โ€” Please come around 3 o'clock.
    • sanji goro ni kite kudasai
  • ใใ˜ ใ”ใ‚ ใซ ใญใพใ™ โ€” I go to sleep around 9.
    • kuji goro ni nemasu
  • ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ™ ใ‹๏ผŸ โ€” About how long will it take?
    • dono gurai kakarimasu ka?
caution

ใ”ใ‚ cannot be used for durations โ€” only for a point in time.

  • โœ“ ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ ใ”ใ‚ (around 3 o'clock)
  • โŒ ใ•ใ‚“ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“ ใ”ใ‚ (about 3 hours) โ†’ use ใใ‚‰ใ„ instead

Daysโ€‹

Days use native Japanese readings (ๅ’Œ่ชž wago) instead of Sino-Japanese numbers, so almost every form is unique and must be memorized. The exception is 1 day (ใ„ใกใซใก) which uses the Sino-Japanese reading.

EnglishKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1 dayไธ€ๆ—ฅใ„ใกใซใกichinichi
2 daysไบŒๆ—ฅใตใคใ‹futsuka
3 daysไธ‰ๆ—ฅใฟใฃใ‹mikka
4 daysๅ››ๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใฃใ‹yokka
5 daysไบ”ๆ—ฅใ„ใคใ‹itsuka
6 daysๅ…ญๆ—ฅใ‚€ใ„ใ‹muika
7 daysไธƒๆ—ฅใชใฎใ‹nanoka
8 daysๅ…ซๆ—ฅใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹youka
9 daysไนๆ—ฅใ“ใ“ใฎใ‹kokonoka
10 daysๅๆ—ฅใจใŠใ‹tooka
14 daysๅๅ››ๆ—ฅใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใ‚ˆใฃใ‹juuyokka
20 daysไบŒๅๆ—ฅใฏใคใ‹hatsuka

Weeksโ€‹

Use ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ (้€ฑ้–“) to count weeks. Only 1 week triggers a gemination (double consonant): ใ„ใก โ†’ ใ„ใฃ before ใ—.

EnglishKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1 weekไธ€้€ฑ้–“ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“isshuukan
2 weeksไบŒ้€ฑ้–“ใซใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“nishuukan
3 weeksไธ‰้€ฑ้–“ใ•ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“sanshuukan
4 weeksๅ››้€ฑ้–“ใ‚ˆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“yonshuukan

Monthsโ€‹

Use ใ‹ใ’ใค (ใƒถๆœˆ) to count months as durations. The numbers 1 (ใ„ใก), 6 (ใ‚ใ), 8 (ใฏใก), and 10 (ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†) trigger gemination before ใ‹, turning into ใ„ใฃ, ใ‚ใฃ, ใฏใฃ, and ใ˜ใ‚…ใฃ.

EnglishKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1 monthไธ€ใƒถๆœˆใ„ใฃใ‹ใ’ใคikkagetsu
2 monthsไบŒใƒถๆœˆใซใ‹ใ’ใคnikagetsu
3 monthsไธ‰ใƒถๆœˆใ•ใ‚“ใ‹ใ’ใคsankagetsu
6 monthsๅ…ญใƒถๆœˆใ‚ใฃใ‹ใ’ใคrokkagetsu
8 monthsๅ…ซใƒถๆœˆใฏใฃใ‹ใ’ใคhakkagetsu
10 monthsๅใƒถๆœˆใ˜ใ‚…ใฃใ‹ใ’ใคjukkagetsu

Yearsโ€‹

Use ใญใ‚“ (ๅนด) to count years. This counter is fully regular โ€” just add ใญใ‚“ after any Sino-Japanese number with no sound changes.

EnglishKanjiHiraganaRomaji
1 yearไธ€ๅนดใ„ใกใญใ‚“ichinen
2 yearsไบŒๅนดใซใญใ‚“ninen
3 yearsไธ‰ๅนดใ•ใ‚“ใญใ‚“sannen
10 yearsๅๅนดใ˜ใ‚…ใ†ใญใ‚“juunen