Counters and Frequency
Learn how to express frequency and repetition using Japanese counters.
What Are Counters?โ
Japanese uses specific counter words to count different types of objects and express frequency. This lesson focuses on time-based counters for expressing "how often" something happens.
Frequency Countersโ
Pattern: [time period] ใซ [number] + ใใโ
Structure: [time period] ใซ [counter] ใใ
- ใซ = in/per
- ใใ (ๅ) = times, occurrences
Counting Occurrencesโ
| Number | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ไธๅ | ใใฃใใ | ikkai | once |
| 2 | ไบๅ | ใซใใ | nikai | twice |
| 3 | ไธๅ | ใใใใ | sankai | three times |
| 4 | ๅๅ | ใใใใ | yonkai | four times |
| 5 | ไบๅ | ใใใ | gokai | five times |
| 6 | ๅ ญๅ | ใใฃใใ | rokkai | six times |
| 7 | ไธๅ | ใชใชใใ | nanakai | seven times |
| 8 | ๅ ซๅ | ใฏใฃใใ | hakkai | eight times |
| 9 | ไนๅ | ใใ ใใใ | kyuukai | nine times |
| 10 | ๅๅ | ใใ ใฃใใ | jukkai | ten times |
- 1ๅ: ใใฃใใ (ikkai) - small ใฃ
- 6ๅ: ใใฃใใ (rokkai) - small ใฃ
- 8ๅ: ใฏใฃใใ (hakkai) - small ใฃ
- 10ๅ: ใใ ใฃใใ (jukkai) - small ใฃ
How Many Times? ใชใใใโ
Use ใชใใใ (ไฝๅ) to ask "how many times?":
- ใใ
ใใใ ใซ ใชใใใ๏ผ โ How many times per week?
- shuukan ni nankai?
- ใญใ ใซ ใชใใใ ใใใพใ ใ๏ผ โ How many times a year do you go?
- nen ni nankai ikimasu ka?
Examplesโ
- ใใ
ใใใ ใซ ใใฃใใ ใใใ ใ ใฟใพใ โ I watch a movie once a week.
- shuukan ni ikkai eiga wo mimasu
- ใซใก ใซ ใใใใ ใฏ ใ ใฟใใใพใ โ I brush my teeth three times a day.
- nichi ni sankai ha wo migakimasu
- ใญใ ใซ ใใฃใใ ใซใปใ ใซ ใใใพใ โ I go to Japan once a year.
- nen ni ikkai nihon ni ikimasu
- ใคใ ใซ ใใฃใใ ใใใใใ ใซ ใงใใ ใใพใ โ I call my parents once a month.
- tsuki ni ikkai ryoushin ni denwa shimasu
Date Countersโ
How Many?โ
Replace the number with ใชใ to ask "how many":
- ใชใใซใก๏ผ โ How many days?
- nannichi?
You can also use ใฉใฎใใใ to ask "how long?" in a more natural way:
- ใฉใฎใใใ ใซใปใ ใซ ใใพใใ ใ๏ผ โ How long were you in Japan?
- dono gurai nihon ni imashita ka?
- ใใใใใค ใใพใใ โ I was there for three months.
- sankagetsu imashita
ใใ vs ใใใโ
Both express approximation but are used differently:
| ใใ | ใใใ | |
|---|---|---|
| Used for | point in time | quantity or duration |
| Meaning | around (when) | about (how much/long) |
| Example | ใใใ ใใ โ around 3 o'clock | ใใใใใ ใใใ โ about 3 hours |
- ใใใ ใใ ใซ ใใฆ ใใ ใใ โ Please come around 3 o'clock.
- sanji goro ni kite kudasai
- ใใ ใใ ใซ ใญใพใ โ I go to sleep around 9.
- kuji goro ni nemasu
- ใฉใฎใใใ ใใใใพใ ใ๏ผ โ About how long will it take?
- dono gurai kakarimasu ka?
ใใ cannot be used for durations โ only for a point in time.
- โ ใใใ ใใ (around 3 o'clock)
- โ ใใใใใ ใใ (about 3 hours) โ use ใใใ instead
Daysโ
Days use native Japanese readings (ๅ่ช wago) instead of Sino-Japanese numbers, so almost every form is unique and must be memorized. The exception is 1 day (ใใกใซใก) which uses the Sino-Japanese reading.
| English | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 day | ไธๆฅ | ใใกใซใก | ichinichi |
| 2 days | ไบๆฅ | ใตใคใ | futsuka |
| 3 days | ไธๆฅ | ใฟใฃใ | mikka |
| 4 days | ๅๆฅ | ใใฃใ | yokka |
| 5 days | ไบๆฅ | ใใคใ | itsuka |
| 6 days | ๅ ญๆฅ | ใใใ | muika |
| 7 days | ไธๆฅ | ใชใฎใ | nanoka |
| 8 days | ๅ ซๆฅ | ใใใ | youka |
| 9 days | ไนๆฅ | ใใใฎใ | kokonoka |
| 10 days | ๅๆฅ | ใจใใ | tooka |
| 14 days | ๅๅๆฅ | ใใ ใใใฃใ | juuyokka |
| 20 days | ไบๅๆฅ | ใฏใคใ | hatsuka |
Weeksโ
Use ใใ ใใใ (้ฑ้) to count weeks. Only 1 week triggers a gemination (double consonant): ใใก โ ใใฃ before ใ.
| English | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 week | ไธ้ฑ้ | ใใฃใใ ใใใ | isshuukan |
| 2 weeks | ไบ้ฑ้ | ใซใใ ใใใ | nishuukan |
| 3 weeks | ไธ้ฑ้ | ใใใใ ใใใ | sanshuukan |
| 4 weeks | ๅ้ฑ้ | ใใใใ ใใใ | yonshuukan |
Monthsโ
Use ใใใค (ใถๆ) to count months as durations. The numbers 1 (ใใก), 6 (ใใ), 8 (ใฏใก), and 10 (ใใ ใ) trigger gemination before ใ, turning into ใใฃ, ใใฃ, ใฏใฃ, and ใใ ใฃ.
| English | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 month | ไธใถๆ | ใใฃใใใค | ikkagetsu |
| 2 months | ไบใถๆ | ใซใใใค | nikagetsu |
| 3 months | ไธใถๆ | ใใใใใค | sankagetsu |
| 6 months | ๅ ญใถๆ | ใใฃใใใค | rokkagetsu |
| 8 months | ๅ ซใถๆ | ใฏใฃใใใค | hakkagetsu |
| 10 months | ๅใถๆ | ใใ ใฃใใใค | jukkagetsu |
Yearsโ
Use ใญใ (ๅนด) to count years. This counter is fully regular โ just add ใญใ after any Sino-Japanese number with no sound changes.
| English | Kanji | Hiragana | Romaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 year | ไธๅนด | ใใกใญใ | ichinen |
| 2 years | ไบๅนด | ใซใญใ | ninen |
| 3 years | ไธๅนด | ใใใญใ | sannen |
| 10 years | ๅๅนด | ใใ ใใญใ | juunen |
Next Steps
Once you're comfortable with this lesson, check out: